Nepal Steps Toward Sustainability; Show Promise but Challenges Remain

Alisha Timilsina

Nepal is experiencing increasing environmental challenges in 2024/2025. Air pollution remains one of the most serious issues, especially in the Kathmandu Valley, where Air Quality Index (AQI) levels exceeded 400 in several instances. This rise is attributed to forest fires, dust from unregulated construction, vehicular emissions, and dry weather conditions. As a result, respiratory illnesses have surged, forcing temporary school closures and overburdening hospitals.

To combat this, Nepal has accelerated its transition to electric vehicles (EVs). Over 70% of new passenger vehicles imported are now electric, thanks to hydropower support and government incentives. However, public transport electrification still lags due to insufficient infrastructure.

Climate change has worsened natural disasters. The 2024 monsoon brought record rainfall to the Kathmandu Valley, causing floods that killed hundreds and damaged infrastructure. Glacial lake outburst floods in mountainous areas like Thame displaced families, and the retreat of Himalayan glaciers continues to heighten the risk of landslides and avalanches.

In response, authorities and NGOs have launched awareness campaigns, developed mobile apps to report pollution, and imposed bans on certain high-impact activities. Despite these efforts, unplanned urban growth and land degradation continue to pose serious threats.

Nepal’s environmental future depends on sustainable planning and climate resilience.